Is It True Hot Water Freezes Faster Than Cold

Yes, hot water can freeze faster than cold water. However, it does not always happen, nor has science explained exactly why it can happen. Key Takeaways: Water Temperature and Rate of Freezing Sometimes hot water freezes more quickly than cold water. This is called the Mpemba effect after the student who observed it.Factors that may cause hot water to freeze faster include evaporative cooling, less chance of supercooling, low concentration of dissolved gases, and convection.Whether hot or cold water freezes more quickly depends on the specific conditions. The Mpemba Effect Although Aristotle, Bacon, and Descartes all described hot water freezing faster than cold water, the notion was mostly resisted until the 1960s when a high school student named Mpemba noticed that hot ice cream mix, when placed into the freezer, would freeze before ice cream mix that had been cooled to room temperature before being placed in the freezer. Mpemba repeated his experiment with water rather than ice cream mixture and found the same result: the hot water froze more quickly than the cooler water. When Mpemba asked his physics teacher to explain the observations, the teacher told Mpemba his data must be in error, because the phenomenon was impossible. Mpemba asked a visiting physics professor, Dr. Osborne, the same question. This professor replied that he did not know, but he would test the experiment. Dr. Osborne had a lab tech perform Mpembas test. The lab tech reported that he had duplicated Mpembas result, But well keep on repeating the experiment until we get the right result. (Um... yeah... that would be an example of poor science.) Well, the data was the data, so when the experiment was repeated, it continued to yield the same result. In 1969 Osborne and Mpemba published the results of their research. Now the phenomenon in which hot water may freeze faster than cold water is sometimes called the Mpemba Effect. Why Hot Water Sometimes Freezes Faster Than Cold Water There is no definitive explanation for why hot water may freeze faster than cold water. Different mechanisms come into play, depending on the conditions. The main factors appear to be: Evaporation:  More hot water will evaporate than cold water, thus reducing the amount of water remaining to be frozen. Mass measurements lead us to believe this is an important factor when chilling water in open containers, though it isnt the mechanism that explains how the Mpemba Effect occurs in closed containers.Supercooling:  Hot water tends to experience less of a supercooling effect than cold water. When was supercools, it can remain a liquid until it is disturbed, even well below its normal freezing temperature. Water that is not supercooled is more likely to become solid when it reaches the freezing point of water.Convection:  Water develops convection currents as it cools. Water density usually decreases as temperature increases, so a container of cooling water typically is warmer on top than on the bottom. If we assume water loses most of its heat across its surface (which may or may not be true, depending on the conditions), then water with a hotter top would lose it s heat and freeze faster than water with a cooler top.Dissolved Gases:  Hot water has less capacity to hold dissolved gases than cold water, which may affect its rate of freezing.Effect of the Surroundings:  The difference between the initial temperatures of two containers of water may have an effect on the surroundings that could influence the rate of cooling. One example would be warm water melting a pre-existing layer of frost, permitting a better cooling rate. Test It Yourself Now, dont take my word for this! If you are doubtful that hot water sometimes freezes more quickly than cold water, test it for yourself. Be aware the Mpemba Effect will not be seen for all experimental conditions, so you may need to play around with the size of the water sample and the cooling water  (or try making ice cream in your freezer, if youll accept that as a demonstration of the effect). Sources Burridge, Henry C.; Linden, Paul F. (2016). Questioning the Mpemba effect: Hot water does not cool more quickly than cold. Scientific Reports. 6: 37665.  doi:10.1038/srep37665Tao, Yunwen; Zou, Wenli; Jia, Junteng; Li, Wei; Cremer, Dieter (2017). Different Ways of Hydrogen Bonding in Water - Why Does Warm Water Freeze Faster than Cold Water?. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 13 (1): 55–76. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00735

The Ethics Of Group Counseling - 885 Words

Ethics in Group Counseling According to the American Counseling Association (ACA, 2014) Code of Ethics, ethical principles are based on a set of values that include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, and veracity. These ethics apply to all types of counseling, including both group and individual therapy; however, different aspects of these ethical guidelines must be considered based on the therapeutic approach. This paper will identify several of these ethical issues as they relate specifically to group counseling, while also evaluating how these differences compare to ethical guidelines within an individual approach. Based on this information, a final analysis will be provided on when therapists should choose group versus individual for a client. Identifying Ethical Issues in Group Counseling According to the American Counseling Association (2014) Code of Ethics, ethical principles are based on a set of values that include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, and veracity. As an editor with International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Virginia Brabender (2006) further clarifies these principles as they relate to group therapy through focusing on four of these values: beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for autonomy, and fidelity. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Beneficence is a caregiver’s responsibility to promote work that will benefit the welfare of the client, while also preventing or removing harm. 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Some People Think That Universities Should Provide free essay sample

Universities provide the higher level of education in a country. With its vast grounds and fine buildings, students study there to prepare themselves for their future employment. One of the most controversial issues today relates to preparation of students for their future jobs at the university. Some people think that the universities should teach the students theory as well as practice which are necessary in their careers. Others support the opinion that the universities should only prepare the students theoretically. On one side, universities are not vocational schools. First of all, their essential task is to provide students with knowledge since academic qualifications are required in many professions. Secondly, the job market is becoming increasingly competitive and sometimes there are hundreds of applicants for one position in a company. So, every student cannot find a job with his specializing subject and the course may not be useful to employer. For instance, the person who has attained bachelor degree for botany now works for computer-company. We will write a custom essay sample on Some People Think That Universities Should Provide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand, some of university graduates are helpless in their first jobs if they learn theory only at university.Theory is necessary, however, one can’t do everything with theory and he must have practical experience. As I am an obstetrician and gynaecologist, theoretical knowledge is not enough to deliver a baby via vaginally or abdominally. Gynaecological operations can’t be done by theory only. So, medical students have to learn practice and skills as a house-officer to complete the university education. For the reasons mentioned above, it seems to me that students are more likely to be successful in their careers if they have learned theory as well as practical skills in their universities.